Natural resistance mechanisms to HIV-1 infection Essay

Characteristic opposition instruments to HIV-1 disease - Essay Example There is presently no immunization or remedy for AIDS or HIV. The main realized technique is evading introduction of the infection. Anyway a treatment known as post-introduction prophylaxis is accepted to lessen the danger of contamination whenever started straightforwardly after presentation. Current treatment of HIV disease comprises of exceptionally dynamic enemy of retroviral treatment (HAART). This alludes to consolidated treatment with at least three medications, typically two that focus on the opposite transcriptase and one that objectives the viral protease. Kimball's science pages. 7 Oct. 2004. 24 Feb. 2007 Characteristic protection from HIV can be considered at two levels: protection from getting tainted with the infection and protection from the infection if the individual is as of now contaminated. The components of characteristic obstruction in the two cases are: Apoptosis. Apoptosis is a modified demise of the cells in multi-cells living being. During the HIV disease apoptosis is the fundamental component by which tainted and uninfected CD4+ lymphocytes are dispensed with. Anyway apoptosis as a characteristic safe instrument to HIV disease has not been investigated up until this point. Hereditary factor.

Seperation of Powers essays

Seperation of Powers papers The Judicial Branch in Regard to Separation of Powers The Doctrine of Separation of forces is that political force ought to be partitioned among a few bodies as a precautionary measure against oppression. The perfect is restricted the total power of the Crown, Parliament, or some other body. The outline for United States partition of forces is spread out in the U.S. Constitution and developed in the Federalist Papers. The balanced governance of the US government include the level division of forces among the official (the Presidency), the assembly (the two places of Congress themselves orchestrated to check and equalization each other), and the legal executive (the administrative courts). There is likewise a vertical detachment between the government and the states. Safeguards of detachment of forces demand that it is required against oppression, including the oppression of the larger part. Its rivals contend that sway must lie some place, and that it is better, and apparently increasingly majority rule, to guarantee that it generally e xists in a similar body. The United States needed to instate an administration organized so that each branch was isolated however equivalent. We will see, in any case, that it isn't generally a highly contrasting plan and that the legal branch has frequently wound up in the hazy area of power. The hypothetical thinking behind the requirement for partition of forces is spread out by Publius (Jefferson and Madison) essentially in Federalist Papers # 49 51. In American talk partition of forces is to a greater extent a name than an exact depiction. In application, none of the three branches is truly discrete from the others. This was the contention that James Madison tended to in The Federalist, no 47. The Anti-Federalist charge was that The few offices are mixed in such a way as without a moment's delay to pulverize all evenness and magnificence of structure, and to uncover a portion of the basic pieces of the building to the peril o... <!

Techniques for Idea Generation Mind Maps

Techniques for Idea Generation Mind Maps The Mind Mapping technique was created to be an effective way to produce ideas by association. It transforms a huge list of dull or tedious information into a highly organized, colorful and memorable pictorial representation that is in agreement with the brain’s normal manner of doing things. With respect to creative problem solving, mind maps help to show how different pieces of information or different ideas are connected. © Shutterstock.com | Petr VaclavekFrom this article, you’ll learn 1) definition of mind mapping, 2) how did this ideation technique originate? 3) essential features of a mind map, 4) how to build your own mind map, 5) applications of mind maps, 6) advantages of using mind maps, and 7) short note on mind mapping tools.DEFINITION OF MIND MAPPINGA mind map is a graphical representation utilized to visually organize information. The process of mind mapping involves penning a central theme and coming up with new and associated ideas that branch out from the central idea. The central single idea is frequently in the format of an image drawn in the middle of a blank landscape page to which connected representations of ideas such as words, images, facts, figures, concepts or parts of words are added as they are thought up. Mind mapping utilizes the concept of “radiant thinking.” This means thoughts radiate (branch out) in different directions from a single idea. The branches may move forwards and backwards to and from the main (central) idea. This is in contrast to “linear thinking” which is a thought process following a step-by-step flow or known cycles where it is necessary to get the response to one step before moving to the next step.As is the case with other mapping techniques, the objective of mind mapping is to concentrate attention and to acquire and frame knowledge to enable the sharing of concepts and ideas.HOW DID THIS IDEATION TECHNIQUE ORIGINATE?Tony Buzan is the name frequently used in connection with mind mapping. It is true that he popularized the term “mind map.” However, the utilization of diagrams that graphically “map” information using radial maps and branching, dates back centuries. Similar strategies were utilized in the 3rd century by Porphyry of Tyros to conceptualize Aristotle’s ideas.The semantic network was created in the late 1950s as a hypothesis to comprehend human learning that was further revised by M. Ross Quillian and Allan M. Collins at some point in the early 1960s. The radial structure of mind maps is similar to that of concept maps, created in the 1970s by learning specialists. However, the difference is that the former are made easier by concentrating around a central, single key concept.Tony Buzan’s argument is that ‘traditional’ outlines call for the reader to scan information in a left to right, top to bottom manner that is in contrast to the brain’s natural propensity to scan the whole page in a non-linear manner. Buzan additionally utilizes widespread suppositions pertaining to the cerebral hemispheres so as to encourage the exclusive utilization of mind mapping in preference to other kinds of note making.ESSENTIAL FEATURES OF A MIND MAPGiven below are five key characteristics of a mind map:There is a single key idea, focus, subject or concept graphically represented in the form of a central image.The key themes associated with the idea, focus, subject or concept radiate fr om the central picture as branches.Each branch carries a key word or image printed or drawn on the associated line.Other branches, shown as twigs are connected to the main branches. The twigs represent concepts of lesser importance.The branches create a linked nodal structure.HOW TO BUILD YOUR OWN MIND MAPIf you are using a mind map to get employees in your business to come up with ideas/solutions, you may give them instructions as follows:Prerequisite: Keep blank paper and colored pens ready. If A4 paper seems inadequate, you can consider A3 paper.Step 1: Start with the topic Put the topic, central concept or idea in image form, in the center of an empty page. Space on the page should be used wisely and yet freely so that the brain doesn’t feel unbridled, and there is space to occupy more and more ideas as they come. Beginning in the center provides the brain with freedom to move in all directions and reveal ideas/solutions more naturally and freely. It may be more convenient to position the page in landscape orientation because that makes drawing easier.Step 2: Define the structure Create the fundamental structure with which you would be organizing your ideas. The structure would include branches radiating out from the central idea and drawn as thick lines. These main branches are termed as Basic Organizing Ideas (BOIs).Step 3: Define each branch Put down a key image or word for each branch as your ideas come. Allow the ideas to flow freely and quickly (long pauses are not to be encouraged) without judgment on whether they are practical or crazy. Also no need to bother about aesthetics. Draw freely and unconcernedly.Step 4: Highlight the priorities The concepts of lesser importance can be represented as the twigs and drawn as thinner lines.Step 5: Extend your mind map by additional ideas As information and ideas keep coming, connect them to the mind map in a suitable manner.Step 6: Review and revise After the first attempt, allow your mind to settle. Once it has, you may want to revisit what you did. Review it and revise and/or reorder it. Sometimes, a different sheet of paper may be required for this.How about two mind maps?Another way to mind map and this is for problem-solving, is to create two different mind maps, one each for the problem and solutions. For the problem mind map, the problem would be the main idea represented in the center with causes and aspects of the problem connected by branches. Sub-branches can be used to examine the problem in more detail. For the solution mind map, the solution would be the key idea represented in the center. By way of the main branches, one can provide the routes that would help to solve the problem. One can incorporate organizations, colleagues, resources or techniques that would be of assistance and associated with those routes. Sub-branches can be added as one venture into the details.Drawing two mind maps makes one realize that a single obstacle could have multiple potential solutions . It is up to the person drawing the mind map and others concerned to find that solution(s) which is most practical, cost-effective and/or time-saving. A final branch may be developed with the selected solution or blend of solutions, with the sub-branches connecting to and from the details of intended method(s) of implementation.A properly done mind map is very easy to review as it is possible to frequently refresh information mentally just by a cursory glance. The mind map would depict the “shape” of the topic, the comparative significance of individual branches/twigs, and the manner in which facts are connected to one another. Remembering the structure and shape of the mind map can provide cues that would help to recollect the information within the map.Suggestions/Tips/TechniquesUse colors for the whole project. Colors give the mind map extra vitality and arouse the brain’s creative and visual faculties.Stick to single words or brief meaningful phrases for key words. Too ma ny words would only cause cluttering.Similar information, if any, can be clustered together.Capital letters are to be preferred to small caps.It would be a good idea to make the branches curved instead of straight. Only straight lines in the map may come across as boring to the brain.Use as many images as possible. Besides being easy to remember, a picture is worth a thousand words.Use arrows to show connections between ideas.If the person wishes and if required, he can annotate the mind map. An example would be providing references to other sources, making them identifiable by writing them down in a different color of pen.One should feel free to adopt a personal style as this would boost the creative fire.Information in one section of the mind map may have some connection to another section. If this is the case, the person can draw lines to depict the cross-linkages. This would assist with comprehending how one aspect of the subject impacts another. It is also acceptable to use oth er visuals such as callouts or speech bubbles to depict the link to the key/central idea or theme.The person should stay calm throughout the mind mapping process. This suggestion may not be suitable for an office environment but is good for mind mapping at home. To do so, the person should distance himself from the topic to work on, by taking brief breaks and then coming back to it clearheaded and fresh. A short walk could help. By providing the brain with rest, one will find that it becomes more forthcoming with ideas.APPLICATIONS OF MIND MAPSAs is the case with other diagramming tools, this idea generation technique may be utilized to generalize, structure, visualize and classify ideas. It also helps with triggering creativity and creative solutions, organizing information, making decisions and solving problems. Mind mapping is also used for brainstorming. Here, ideas are introduced into the map in a radial manner surrounding the central node, bereft of the implicit prioritization associated with sequential or hierarchy arrangements, and in which grouping and organizing is kept for later stages.Data collected from mind maps may be utilized to enhance various other applications, examples being search engines and specialist search systems. To achieve this, the mind map may be examined with traditional techniques of information recovery to classify the author of the mind map or documents that are connected from inside the mind map.Other applications include:Making notes, whether for presentations or essays, from lectures or from secondary sources such as books;Studying and remembering information (it has been propounded that mind mapping can enhance study/learning effectiveness by 15 percent more than traditional note-taking;Displaying information in a layout that depicts the structure of a subject taken as a whole;Simplifying a complicated idea;As a mnemonic;To team up in sessions of color pen creativity.ADVANTAGES OF USING MIND MAPSMind maps help the user uti lize the complete power of the brain, both the left which is more associated with logical and analytical thinking, and the right which is utilized for day dreaming, spatial awareness, color, imagination and a feeling of wholeness. This idea generation technique has several advantages including that it:Spurs one on to view the bigger picture;Requires less time to develop;Consumes less space than notes that are chronologically arranged;Allows large topics or projects to be broken down into manageable chunks and this broken-down form, therefore, facilitates effective planning and minimizes chances of forgetting key points and being overwhelmed;Increases concentration;Helps trigger more associations and ideas by applying radial thinking;Provides pleasure to the eyes (once completed, the mind map appears like a mini work of art to those who behold it).SHORT NOTE ON MIND MAPPING TOOLSThough in many cases, it is suitable to draw mind maps using the hand, software applications and tools can broaden the scope of mind-mapping by permitting those engaged in the process to map more than ideas and thoughts using information on the internet and computers, such as documents, spreadsheets, images and internet sites. A few of these tools are discussed below:iMindMap: This concept mapping software utilizes Tony Buzan’s trademark mind mapping techniques to develop maps for project management, brainstorming, creative thinking, organizing, and planning and delivery of presentations. ThinkBuzan developed the desktop application. The tool runs on Mac OS X and Microsoft Windows. iMindMap has focus applications, examples of which are Expand and Collapse Branches and Focus In and Out which can assist with moving around the problem and making the mind concentrate.Coggle: This is a freeware web application for mind mapping. Some of its prominent features are real-time collaboration, markdown text formatting, iOS support, sharing with individuals, organizations or through a private link , and LaTeX math support utilizing  MathJax. Auto-save and revision features mean it is possible to view how the mind map looked prior to someone who was invited beginning to work with it. The software enables creation of linear and organic mind maps utilizing a keyboard, mouse, tablet computer or interactive keyboard.XMind: Created by XMind Lt.d, XMind software helps with both mind mapping and brainstorming. Apart from the management elements, the tool can clarify thinking, capture ideas, promote team collaboration and handle complicated information for greater productivity. In addition to mind maps, it supports spread sheets, fishbone diagrams, organization charts and tree diagrams.Mind maps are currently utilized by many millions of people across the globe. It appears that this idea generation technique will increase in popularity and continue to be used for many, many years to come.

Enterprise and Innovation Free Essay Example, 3000 words

In other words, they are concerned with economic development of the country. Thus, in order to improve business practices, entrepreneurs can be exploited to bring in new and innovative ideas to increase profitability margins for the company (Kuratko 2013). A company can increase its share value by either focusing on profitability by monetary gain and also by focusing on non-monetary worth i. e. building and sustaining Goodwill to enhance its business activities (Trehan and Treha 2009 p. 196). Focus on building and sustaining Goodwill In order to increase market share, entrepreneurs shall be encouraged to focus on building the Goodwill for the company. This can be carried out by focusing on training entrepreneurs in customer service and sales department. In this regard, it is vital to state the goodwill can only be established if the company provides excellent goods and services to its customers, where the staff is polite and courteous, and there is quick, convenient delivery of their products. These traits shall help the organization become a recognized brand name, and its goodwill shall increase (Tremblay and Tremblay 2012, p. 394). Entrepreneurs need to be devoted to the company, to stay active, polite in order to build goodwill. We will write a custom essay sample on Enterprise and Innovation or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Focus on sales and profitability In order to gain sales and increase profitability, the company needs to focus on developing a productive workforce that works with innovation in marketing and sales department to promote the products of the company. In this regard, the entrepreneurs need to be encouraged by the management to work with devotion (Birn, 2004 p. 185). The following steps can be taken by the management to encourage entrepreneurship to enhance profitability, increase sales and gain market share. Ways to encourage Entrepreneurship Focusing on Organizational culture Entrepreneurship can be encouraged if they are given an effective working environment where they are inspired to work with devotion and commitment. A good corporate culture would not just make the environment relaxing but encourage creativity, and cultivate the mind towards developmental opportunities which are very essential for personal and professional growth (Davila et al. 2007). Employee Engagement In order to encourage entrepreneurs, the company shall install effective engagement processes where key employees would be required to communicate and give their opinions about various decisions taking place in the organization. This engagement process shall help young entrepreneurs explore themselves and communicate ideas for learning opportunities.

Exploring Aspects of the Alzheimer’s Disease Essay

Over four million Americans have been diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease (1). One of those is my grandfather. He has suffered from Alzheimer’s for almost 8 years. I have watched my grandfather slowly decline and forget things such as where he lived, my name, and even how to talk. Many times I was upset and confused and often puzzled at the way he acted. I knew something was seriously wrong because he could never remember anything and often had tears in his eyes. I felt angry when he didn’t remember who I was. Eventually, he could no longer put together a sentence that made sense and he relied on others for total care. We have been forced to place him in a nursing home, and watch him†¦show more content†¦When he dissected her brain, he discovered coiled deposits around the nerve cells, called neuritic plaques. He also discovered twisted bands of fibers, or neurofibrillary tangles, inside the nerve cell in the brain. However, even after this disc overy, the disease still wasn’t recognized as a major disease until 1970, when neurological research began to expand. This degenerative brain disorder has since, been named after Dr. Alzheimer. Even today, doctors use the same technique that Dr. Alzheimer used to observe the plaques and tangles in the brain. (2) Studies show that the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease increases with age. Almost 20 percent of Americans between the years of 75 and 84, and almost half of those that are 85 years and older suffer from Alzheimer’s disease (3). One out of every 10 persons that are 65 years of age and older are said to be victims of Alzheimer’s disease, yet even some early-onset victims might be in their 40s and 50s (4). Many believe that if an individual develops Alzheimer’s at an early age, it is related to genetics. Yet, still others believe that Alzheimer’s that develops at a later age, is related to genetics as well. A mutation on chromosome 19 has been linked with a later onset of Alzheimer’s disease, but not everyone that has the mutation develops the disease (5). Therefore, the parallelShow MoreRelatedThe Human Of Human Genome Project995 Words   |  4 Pagesfor diseases. It guided the medical field to new direction but at the same time created new challenges and problems. The primary objective of the project isn’t wrong or questionable but some believe its implications are. Genes are made of a molecule called DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) which contains the instructions for making every protein in the body. By studying and understanding the genome system completely, we will be able to shed some light on how to diagnose and treat chronic diseases at anRead Mor e Anosmia Essay1649 Words   |  7 Pages(Toller, 1999). On the other hand, some people will constantly eat trying to satisfy their need for taste and put on an excess of unhealthy weight. 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Skema Answer Manufacturing Proces 1 Free Essays

FACULTI OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG BMM3643 (SEM II_2012-13) Assignment #1 1. a) What metals are frequently cast into products? b) What materials are used to produce the expendable patterns for investment casting? c) Explain why a casting may have to be subjected to various heat treatments. (8 marks) Answer a) Cast parts can range in size from a fraction of an inch and a fraction of an ounce to over 30 feet and many tons. We will write a custom essay sample on Skema Answer Manufacturing Proces 1 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Moreover, casting can incorporate complex shapes, hollow sections or internal cavities, and irregular curved surfaces. b) In investment casting a pattern is formed from a low melting temperature, low vaporization temperature material, often wax. The mold is produced by surrounding the pattern with the mold material. The mold cavity is produced when the pattern is removed by melting/vaporizing the pattern. In early process development with porous mold materials the melted wax from the pattern would migrate into the mold material and be lost. ) Heat treatments (described in Chapter 4) such as quenching and tempering, among others, are carried out to optimize the grain structure of metal castings, thereby controlling and enhancing mechanical properties. Heat treating can control microporosity, which is a main reason that castings are weak in tension. 2. a) What are some of the attractive features of die casting compared to alternative casting methods? b) For the cast metal wheel illustr ated in Figure below, show how (a) riser placement, (b) core placement, and (c) chills may be used to help feed molten metal and eliminate porosity in the isolated hub boss. ) What are some of the general defects encountered in casting processes? Name and briefly describe three. (8 marks) Answer a) Die casting is characterized by extremely smooth surface finishes, excellent dimensional accuracy, and high production rates. A single set of dies can produce many thousand castings without significant changes in dimension. b) Solutions; i) Riser ii) Core iii) Chills c) General defects include; v) misruns, in which the casting solidifies before filling the mold cavity v) cold shuts, in which two portions of metal flow together but there is lack of fusion at the joint; vi) cold shots, where solid globules of cast metal become entrapped in the casting; vii) shrinkage cavity, which is a depression on the casting surface or an internal void in the casting caused by solidification shrinkage; v iii) microporosity, which is a network of small voids throughout the casting caused by localized solidification shrinkage; and ix) hot tearing, which is a crack in the casting caused by a mold that does not ield to the metal during the early stages of solidification shrinkage. 3. a) How does the fabrication of a thermoplastic polymer differ from the processing of a thermosetting polymer? b) What are the significant differences in the equipment and operating procedures between injection mold- ing of thermoplastics and injection molding of thermosets? c) Can thermosetting plastics be used in injection molding? Explain. (8 marks) Answer a) Thermoplastic polymers can be heated to a temperature at or near the melting temperature so that the material becomes either a formable solid or a liquid. The polymer can than be cast, injected into a mold, or forced through a die to produce the desired shape. With thermosetting polymers, once the polymerization has occurred, no further deformation can occur. Thus, the polymerization reaction and the shape-forming process must be accomplished simultaneously. b) The differences in injection molding of thermosets are (1) shorter barrel length, (2) lower temperatures in the barrel, these first two reasons to prevent premature curing; and (3) use of a heated mold to cause cross-linking of the TS polymer. c) Thermosetting plastics are suitable for injection molding. The basic modification which must be made to the process is that the molds must be heated to allow polymerization and crosslinking to occur in the mold cavity. The major drawback associated with this change is that, because of the longer cycle times, the process will not have as high a production rate as injection molding of thermoplastics. 4. a) Identify one injection molding process could be used to inject a single part with two or more different material as shown below. b) Describe process mechanism c) List and explain THREE (3) advantages of this technology? (8 marks) Answer a) Multi-shot injection molding ) This process ables to to shoot two or more different materials into the same mold, into different locations, resulting in parts with increased functionality, improved cosmetics, and multiple mechanical properties. c) Advantages; i) Reduced cycle time * Compared to multiple molding cycles of separate components, molding multiple materials in the same cycle has obvious time and labor benefits. ii) Reduced part cost * Combine reduced cycle times, reduced labor times, and eliminated assembly operations, and the total cost of multi-shot molded parts becomes less, compared to alternative single-shot methods. ii) Improved Adhesion * With multi-shot molding we get a true physical bond, resulting in a much stronger, longer lasting bond, compared to more traditional â€Å"skin on skin† insert molding or post-molding assembly. 5. d) What are sheet-molding compounds (SMCs)? Bulk-molding compounds (BMCs)? e) What are some of the forms in which reinforcement fibers appear in composite materials? f) Describe the problems involved in recycling products made from reinforced plastics. (8 marks) Answer a) Sheet molding compounds are sheets composed of chopped fibers and resin, the sheets being about 0. inch in thickness. These can be press-formed in heated dies to provide an alternative to sheet metal where light weight, corrosion resistance and integral color are desired. Bulk-molding compounds are fiber-reinforced thermoset molding materials containing short fibers in random orientation. They are formed into products using processes like compression molding, transfer molding or injection molding. b) Fiber-reinforced composites use the strength of the fibers to impart additional strength to the fiber-matrix whole. The use of fibers means that added strength will be in the fiber length direction. The commonly used fiber forms are; i) long, continuous fibers are their use results in increased strength in the fiber length direction, ii) fibers woven into fabric layers used in thin sheet composites and they add strength in the two in-plane fiber directions, iii) woven fabrics of fibers formed in three dimensions so that when embedded in the matrix strength in three dimensions is increased, iv) short, chopped fibers that can be oriented in a particular direction or randomly. ) The main problems are that recycling usually requires the use of a single type of material, and that some plastics (mainly hard and brittle polymers) are more difficult to chop into small pieces for further processing than others. With reinforced plastics, this requires that the reinforcement be separated from the matrix, a very difficult task and uneconomical task. Note that matrices are often thermosets, so it is not practi cal to melt the matrix and separate the fibers from a molten phase. 6. ) In the casting of steel under certain mold conditions, the mold constant in Chvorinov’s Rule is known to be 4. 0 min/cm2, based on previous experience. The casting is a flat plate whose length =30cm, width =10cm, and thickness =20 mm. Determine how long it will take for the casting to solidify. h) A round bar of 15-mm diameter is extruded from a single-screw extruder of 100 mm barrel diameter. The material is LDPE. Calculate; i) The approximate flow rate (kg/h), ii) Speed of emerging extrusion Given : Density LDPE = 0. 92 g/cm3) (10 marks) Answer a) Volume V = 30 x 10 x 2 = 600 cm3 Area A = 2(30 x 10 + 30 x 2 + 10 x 2) = 760 cm2 Chvorinov’s Rule: TTS = Cm (V/A)2 = 4(600/760)2 = 2. 493 min b) R i) Flow rate, qe= CeDscr = 0. 006(100)2. 3 = 238. 86 kg/h ii) Density, ? = 0. 92 g/cm3 Cross-sectional area = (152*? )/4 = 1. 767cm2 Volume = 238. 86 / 0. 92 = 259635cm3/h = 72. 12cm3/s Extrusion speed = 72. 12 / 1. 767 = 40. 8 cm/s ****************************************************** How to cite Skema Answer Manufacturing Proces 1, Papers

Pro Capital Punishment Essay Example For Students

Pro Capital Punishment Essay What is capital punishment? Capital punishment is the maximum penalty of aconviction. More than 4, 400 people have been executed since 1930. There is noway of knowing how many people have been executed in U.S. history because theyused to be local affairs with nobody to record them. On the edge of the 21stcentury, Capital punishment is still one of the two most debated issues in theU.S., the other is abortion. This paper will attempt to show the effects ofcapital punishment and how it is used. Capital punishment has been a veryattention grabbing incident over the years. For example, in 1936, about 20,000people gathered in Owensboro, Kentucky, on the morning of August 14 to see thehanging of a 22 year old black man, Rainey Bethea. Many people have also diedwrongfully. Sacco and Vangetti were two Italian immigrants that were accused ofpayroll robbery. Although they had alibis of there whereabouts, they were stillconvicted of the crime and sentenced to death by the electric chair. Nearly every culture throughout history has practiced capital punishment. Quarteringwas a popular method in Europe. Quartering is being torn apart by horses. InIndia, executions were sometimes carried out by having an elephant crush thecondemneds head. In modern times, societies have sought to make executionsmore humane. Such was the goal of the guillotine, which severed thecondemneds head with a heavy blade, and the electric chair which kills with amassive dose of electrical current. The Constitution of the United Statesguarantees to every citizen certain fundamental rights. The First Amendment, forexample guarantees freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition. The Second Amendment promises that the right of the people to keep and beararms shall not be infringed. The amendment most relevant to the issue of thedeath penalty is the Eighth Amendment. It reads: Excessive bail shall not berequired, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishmentinflicted. However simple and straightforward these words may sound, its notalways clear what they mean. That is because the words cruel and unusual aresubjective. One person may think, for instance, that capital punishment is crueland unusual, while another person may not. In 1972, the Supreme Court declaredthe death penalty cruel and unusual, and therefore unconstitutional. It was soonreactivated in 1976 by 35 states. People have tried to influence decisions onthe death penalty. For example, the Pope has played a role in the decision ofthe death penalty. The Pope pleaded for a criminals life and the criminal wassentenced to life in jail instead of the electric chair. Many people that arein nocent have been sentenced to death. Harry Blackman, a death penalty opponent,stated Innocent persons have been executed and will continue to beexecuted, explaining why he could no longer support the death penalty. Isidore Zimmerman, came within 2 hours of execution for a murder he did notcommit. Citing instances like this, death penalty opponents claim that thedanger of a terrible and irrevocable mistake capital punishment intolerable. Cost often comes up when the death penalty is mentioned. Those in favor of thedeath penalty say the government shouldnt waste its money on guarding,feeding, and housing a depraved criminal for the rest of his or her life. Thetruth is, however, that it costs much more to put a prisoner to death than tokeep a prisoner in jail. It cost about 2 million to 3 million dollars tosentence someone to death and keep them on death row for 8 years. The same itcosts to keep 3 prisoners in a maximum security prison for 40 years. Opponentsuse this as a contradiction. Race is a big issue in death sentencing althoughnot admitted. There is still a lot of hard decision making when it comes toethnics being punished. A comprehensive examination of capital murder casesin Georgia, a black convicted of murdering a white has a 22 percent chance ofbeing sentenced to die, whereas a white convicted of murdering a black has onlya 3 percent chance. This has been a big thing in the civil issues in America. .u8c66ebbfe2ebcf68b6d14745d1b068f7 , .u8c66ebbfe2ebcf68b6d14745d1b068f7 .postImageUrl , .u8c66ebbfe2ebcf68b6d14745d1b068f7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8c66ebbfe2ebcf68b6d14745d1b068f7 , .u8c66ebbfe2ebcf68b6d14745d1b068f7:hover , .u8c66ebbfe2ebcf68b6d14745d1b068f7:visited , .u8c66ebbfe2ebcf68b6d14745d1b068f7:active { border:0!important; } .u8c66ebbfe2ebcf68b6d14745d1b068f7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8c66ebbfe2ebcf68b6d14745d1b068f7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8c66ebbfe2ebcf68b6d14745d1b068f7:active , .u8c66ebbfe2ebcf68b6d14745d1b068f7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8c66ebbfe2ebcf68b6d14745d1b068f7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8c66ebbfe2ebcf68b6d14745d1b068f7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8c66ebbfe2ebcf68b6d14745d1b068f7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8c66ebbfe2ebcf68b6d14745d1b068f7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8c66ebbfe2ebcf68b6d14745d1b068f7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8c66ebbfe2ebcf68b6d14745d1b068f7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8c66ebbfe2ebcf68b6d14745d1b068f7 .u8c66ebbfe2ebcf68b6d14745d1b068f7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8c66ebbfe2ebcf68b6d14745d1b068f7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Juveniles And The Death Penalty (1498 words) EssayWhen the death penalty is actually brought out to the society, basicallyeverything has an a effect on it. Religion, race, cost, and morals, but it isstill used in America today. Many democratic countries have outlawed the deathpenalty and the U. S. probably should too. The Pope of the Catholic Church oncesaid, Only God has the Power to give and take life from someone. Thisbeing true to most people, but the government and the American society have todecide whether or not to keep capital punishment.